Silicon wafers yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor. Lawv yog thawj zaug ua rau hauv silicon rods los ntawm rub ib leeg muaju, thiab tom qab ntawd txiav thiab ua. Txij li thaum tus naj npawb ntawm valence electrons ntawm silicon atoms yog 4 thiab tus naj npawb ordinal yog nruab nrab, silicon muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv tshuaj, photovoltaic, nti thiab lwm yam. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv daim teb ntawm chips, nws yog cov khoom semiconductor ntawm silicon uas ua rau nws lub hauv paus pob zeb ntawm chips. Hauv thaj chaw ntawm photovoltaics, nws tuaj yeem siv rau hnub ci hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob. Ntxiv mus, silicon suav txog 25.8% ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau kuv thiab muaj zog recyclability, yog li tus nqi qis, uas ntxiv txhim kho cov ntawv thov ntau ntawm silicon.
1. Silicon - lub hauv paus pob zeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv chips Silicon cov ntaub ntawv tau muab faib ua ib leeg siv lead ua silicon thiab polycrystalline silicon raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm chav tsev cell. Qhov sib txawv loj tshaj plaws ntawm ib leeg siv lead ua silicon thiab polycrystalline silicon yog tias chav tsev cell txheej txheem ntawm ib leeg siv lead ua silicon yog kev ua kom zoo, thaum polycrystalline silicon tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tsim, polycrystalline silicon feem ntau yog ua los ntawm ncaj qha pouring silicon cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv lub crucible rau yaj nws thiab ces txias nws. Monocrystalline silicon yog tsim rau hauv ib tug siv lead ua pas nrig los ntawm rub ib tug siv lead ua (tus qauv Czochralski). Hais txog lub cev lub cev, cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob hom silicon yog qhov sib txawv heev. Monocrystalline silicon muaj zog hluav taws xob conductivity thiab siab photoelectric conversion efficiency. Lub photoelectric conversion efficiency ntawm monocrystalline silicon feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm 17% mus rau 25%, thaum lub efficiency ntawm polycrystalline silicon yog qis dua 15%.
▲ Semiconductor silicon wafers thiab photovoltaic silicon wafers
▲ Ib leeg siv lead ua silicon chav cell qauv
Photovoltaic silicon wafers:Vim muaj cov nyhuv photoelectric thiab qhov pom tseeb zoo ntawm monocrystalline silicon, tib neeg siv silicon wafers ua kom tiav kev hloov pauv ntawm hnub ci zog rau hauv hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv lub photovoltaic teb, lub square monocrystalline silicon hlwb nrog rounded ces kaum feem ntau yog siv. Pheej yig dua polycrystalline silicon wafers kuj siv, tab sis kev hloov dua siab tshiab yog qis dua.
▲ Pem hauv ntej thiab nraub qaum ntawm monocrystalline silicon cell
▲ Polycrystalline silicon cell pem hauv ntej thiab nram qab
Txij li thaum photovoltaic silicon wafers muaj qhov yuav tsum tau tsawg rau cov tsis xws li purity thiab warpage, cov txheej txheem tsim yog kuj yooj yim. Noj monocrystalline silicon hlwb ua piv txwv, thawj kauj ruam yog txiav thiab hloov. Ua ntej, txiav cov monocrystalline silicon pas nrig rau hauv square rods raws li qhov loj me, thiab tom qab ntawd puag ncig plaub fab ntawm cov square rods. Qhov thib ob kauj ruam yog pickling, uas yog tsuas yog tshem tawm impurities nto ntawm lub monocrystalline square rods. Qhov thib peb kauj ruam yog slicing. Ua ntej, muab tshuaj txhuam cov square rods mus rau lub rooj tsavxwm ua haujlwm. Tom qab ntawd muab lub rooj tsavxwm ua haujlwm rau ntawm lub tshuab txiav thiab txiav nws raws li cov txheej txheem txheej txheem. Thaum kawg, ntxuav cov monocrystalline silicon wafers thiab saib xyuas qhov smoothness, resistivity thiab lwm yam tsis.
Semiconductor silicon wafers:Semiconductor silicon wafers muaj kev xav tau siab dua li photovoltaic silicon wafers. Ua ntej, tag nrho cov silicon wafers siv nyob rau hauv lub semiconductor kev lag luam yog monocrystalline silicon, thiaj li yuav xyuas kom meej cov hluav taws xob zoo tib yam ntawm txhua txoj hauj lwm ntawm silicon wafer. Hais txog cov duab thiab qhov loj me, photovoltaic monocrystalline silicon wafers yog square, feem ntau nrog sab ntev ntawm 125mm, 150mm, thiab 156mm. Cov monocrystalline silicon wafers siv rau semiconductors yog puag ncig, nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 150mm (6-inch wafers), 200mm (8-inch wafers) thiab 300mm (12-inch wafers). Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm purity, purity yuav tsum tau rau monocrystalline silicon wafers siv rau photovoltaics yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 4N-6N (99.99%-99.9999%), tab sis qhov purity yuav tsum tau rau monocrystalline silicon wafers siv rau semiconductors nyob ib ncig ntawm 9N (99.9999999%)-11N (99.999999999%), thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus purity yuav tsum yog 1000 npaug ntawm monocrystalline silicon wafers siv rau photovoltaics. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov tsos, lub nto flatness, smoothness thiab huv si ntawm silicon wafers siv rau semiconductors yog siab dua li cov silicon wafers siv rau photovoltaics. Purity yog qhov sib txawv loj tshaj plaws ntawm monocrystalline silicon wafers siv rau photovoltaics thiab monocrystalline silicon wafers siv rau semiconductors.
▲ Semiconductor silicon wafer txheej txheem
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Moore Txoj Cai yog kev txhim kho ntawm silicon wafers. Txij li thaum semiconductor silicon wafers yog puag ncig, semiconductor silicon wafers kuj hu ua "silicon wafers" lossis "wafers". Wafers yog "substrate" rau chip manufacturing, thiab tag nrho cov chips yog tsim rau ntawm no "substrate". Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm semiconductor silicon wafers, muaj ob lub ntsiab lus qhia: loj thiab qauv.
Hais txog qhov loj me, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm silicon wafers tau loj dua thiab loj dua: nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev txhim kho Circuit Court, 0.75-inch wafers tau siv. Kev nce thaj tsam wafer thiab cov chips ntawm ib qho wafer tuaj yeem txo cov nqi. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1965, nrog rau kev taw qhia ntawm Moore Txoj Cai, ob qho tib si kev siv hluav taws xob sib xyaw ua ke thiab silicon wafers tau coj mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai. Silicon wafers tau dhau los ntawm 4-inch, 6-inch, 8-inch thiab 12-inch nodes. Txij li thaum Intel thiab IBM koom ua ke tsim 12-inch wafer nti tsim nyob rau hauv 2001, tam sim no mainstream silicon wafer yog 12-inch wafers, suav txog li 70%, tab sis 18-inch (450mm) wafers muaj tau muab tso rau hauv cov txheej txheem.
▲ Parameters ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv wafer
▲ Kev loj hlob ntawm silicon wafer loj
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov qauv, txoj kev loj hlob kev taw qhia ntawm silicon wafers yog ua ntau thiab ntau complex: nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub sij hawm ntawm kev koom ua ke Circuit Court kev loj hlob, muaj tsuas yog ib hom logic nti, tab sis nrog rau cov coob ntawm daim ntawv thov scenarios, logic chips, fais fab mov. , analog chips, sib xyaw analog thiab digital chips, flash / DRAM cia chips, xov tooj cua zaus chips, thiab lwm yam tau tshwm sim ib zaug, ua silicon wafers muaj cov qauv sib txawv. Tam sim no, feem ntau muaj peb hom:
PW (Polish Wafer):polished wafer. Cov silicon wafers ncaj qha txiav tom qab rub ib qho crystals tsis zoo tag nrho hauv smoothness los yog warping, yog li lawv yuav tsum xub polished. Txoj kev no tseem yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los ua cov silicon wafers.
AW (Anneal Wafer):Annealed wafer. Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab kev txo qis ntawm cov transistor feature qhov ntau thiab tsawg, qhov tsis zoo ntawm polished wafers maj mam nthuav tawm, xws li cov lattice defects nyob rau saum npoo ntawm silicon wafers thiab cov ntsiab lus oxygen siab nyob rau saum npoo ntawm silicon wafers. Yuav kom daws tau cov teeb meem no, annealing wafer tshuab tau tsim. Tom qab polishing, silicon wafer muab tso rau hauv lub cub tawg raj uas muaj cov roj inert (feem ntau argon) rau qhov kub thiab txias annealing. Qhov no tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog kho lub lattice tsis xws luag ntawm qhov chaw ntawm silicon wafer, tab sis kuj txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa oxygen.
EW (Epitaxy Wafer):epitaxial silicon wafer. Nrog rau daim ntawv thov ntau ntxiv ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, cov qauv silicon wafers tsim los ntawm silicon wafer factories tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm qee cov khoom hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub lattice defects txo los ntawm thermal annealing tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm txoj kab dav dav. Qhov no tau coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm epitaxial silicon wafers. Cov txheej txheem epitaxial ib txwm yog silicon nyias zaj duab xis. Ib txheej ntawm silicon nyias zaj duab xis yog loj hlob raws li thawj silicon wafer siv nyias zaj duab xis deposition technology. Txij li thaum silicon substrate tshwm sim raws li cov noob siv lead ua hauv silicon epitaxy, kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem epitaxial yuav rov ua cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm silicon wafer. Txij li cov substrate silicon wafer yog ib qho siv lead ua, cov txheej epitaxial kuj yog ib qho siv lead ua. Txawm li cas los xij, vim nws tsis yog polished, cov lattice defects ntawm qhov chaw ntawm silicon wafer tom qab kev loj hlob tuaj yeem raug txo kom tsawg heev.
Epitaxy technical indicators mas muaj xws li epitaxial txheej thickness thiab nws uniformity, resistivity uniformity, lub cev hlau tswj, particle tswj, stacking faults, dislocations thiab lwm yam tsis xws luag. Nyob rau theem no, cov neeg tau ua tiav siab epitaxial silicon wafer zoo los ntawm optimizing lub epitaxy cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub, epitaxy gas flow rate, thiab nruab nrab thiab ntug kub gradients. Vim yog cov khoom sib txawv thiab xav tau kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis, cov txheej txheem epitaxial tau ua kom zoo tsis tu ncua kom ua tiav siab epitaxial silicon wafer zoo.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cuab yeej siv tam sim no tuaj yeem tsim cov txheej txheem epitaxial nrog resistivity doping ntsiab thiab doping concentrations txawv ntawm cov thawj silicon wafer, uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua los tswj cov khoom hluav taws xob ntawm cov zus silicon wafer. Piv txwv li, ib txheej ntawm N-hom silicon epitaxial txheej tuaj yeem tsim tawm ntawm P-hom silicon wafer, yog li tsim kom muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj siab doped PN hlws ris, uas tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua qhov tawg thiab txo cov nyhuv latch hauv kev tsim cov nti tom ntej. Lub thickness ntawm epitaxial txheej feem ntau txawv raws li qhov kev siv scenario. Feem ntau, lub thickness ntawm cov logic nti yog hais txog 0.5 microns mus rau 5 microns, thiab lub thickness ntawm lub hwj chim ntaus ntawv yog hais txog 50 microns mus rau 100 microns vim hais tias nws yuav tsum tau tiv taus high voltage.
▲ Epitaxial silicon wafer txoj kev loj hlob
▲ Txawv doping ntawm epitaxial wafers
SW (SOI Wafer):SOI sawv cev rau Silicon-On-Insulator. SOI silicon wafers feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv RF pem hauv ntej-kawg chips vim lawv qhov zoo xws li cov kab mob me me me me, cov nyhuv luv luv, cov khoom qub qub, kev kub ceev, kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov suab nrov qis.
▲ Ordinary silicon MOS qauv
▲SOI silicon wafer MOS qauv
Muaj plaub txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim SOI silicon wafers:SIMOX technology, Bonding technology, Sim-bond technology thiab Smart-CutTM technology; Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm SOI silicon wafers yog qhov yooj yim, thiab lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog ntxiv cov txheej txheej insulating (feem ntau yog silicon dioxide SiO2) nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub substrate.
▲ Plaub technologies rau kev tsim SOI wafers
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, Smart-CutTM thev naus laus zis yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv SOI silicon wafer tsim tshuab tam sim no. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm Simbond thev naus laus zis tsis txawv ntau ntawm Smart-Cut thev naus laus zis, tab sis hais txog qhov tuab ntawm cov silicon saum toj kawg nkaus, SOI silicon wafer tsim los ntawm Smart-Cut thev naus laus zis yog thinner, thiab los ntawm kev xav ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom, Smart -Txiav tshuab tuaj yeem rov siv dua silicon wafers. Rau yav tom ntej huab hwm coj ntau lawm, Smart-Cut thev naus laus zis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua, yog li kev lag luam tam sim no feem ntau lees paub Smart-Cut thev naus laus zis raws li kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm SOI silicon wafers.
▲ Kev ua tau zoo sib piv ntawm SOI wafer manufacturing technologies sib txawv
SIMOX thev naus laus zis: SIMOX sawv cev rau Kev Sib Cais los ntawm Kev Tso Tawm Oxygen. Cov pa oxygen atoms raug txhaj rau hauv lub wafer, thiab tom qab ntawd annealed ntawm qhov kub thiab txias kom hnov mob nrog cov silicon atoms nyob ib puag ncig los tsim ib txheej ntawm silicon dioxide. Qhov nyuaj ntawm cov cuab yeej no yog tswj qhov tob thiab tuab ntawm oxygen ion implantation. Nws muaj cov kev xav tau siab rau ion implantation technology.
Bonding technology: Bonding thev naus laus zis tseem hu ua kev sib txuas tshuab. SOI silicon wafers ua los ntawm kev sib txuas kuj hu ua Bonded SOI, los yog BSOI luv luv. Kev sib khi tshuab yuav tsum muaj ob lub silicon wafers zoo tib yam, ib qho yog cog nrog txheej oxide (SiO2), thiab tom qab ntawd txuas nrog lwm qhov chaw silicon. Kev sib txuas yog txheej oxide. Thaum kawg, nws yog av thiab polished rau qhov xav tau qhov tob ntawm txheej faus (SiO2). Txij li cov cuab yeej sib txuas yog yooj yim dua li ion implantation thev naus laus zis, feem ntau SOI silicon wafers tam sim no tau tsim los siv cov cuab yeej sib txuas.
▲ Silicon-on-insulator
▲ Wafer bonding txoj kev los ua silicon ntawm insulator
Sim-bond technology:oxygen txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv technology. Sim-bond thev naus laus zis yog kev sib xyaw ntawm SIMOX thiab daim ntawv cog lus thev naus laus zis. Qhov kom zoo dua yog tias lub thickness ntawm faus oxide txheej tuaj yeem tswj tau nrog kev ua haujlwm siab. Thawj kauj ruam yog txhaj cov pa oxygen ions rau hauv silicon wafer, tom qab ntawd anneal ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los tsim ib txheej oxide, thiab tom qab ntawd tsim SiO2 oxide txheej rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm silicon wafer. Cov kauj ruam thib ob yog sib txuas cov silicon wafer rau lwm lub wafer. Tom qab ntawd anneal ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los tsim ib qho kev sib txuas zoo meej. Qhov thib peb kauj ruam yog txheej txheem thinning. Thinning yog ua los ntawm CMP thev naus laus zis, tab sis tsis zoo li daim ntawv cog lus thev naus laus zis, sim-bond muaj txheej txheem nws tus kheej, uas yuav cia li nres thaum sib tsoo rau SiO2 txheej. Tom qab ntawd SiO2 txheej raug tshem tawm los ntawm etching. Cov kauj ruam kawg yog polishing.
Smart-cut technology:ntse peeling tshuab. Smart-cut technology yog ib qho kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev sib txuas tshuab. Thawj kauj ruam yog txhawm rau oxidize lub wafer thiab tsim kom muaj qhov ruaj khov ntawm SiO2 ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub wafer. Cov kauj ruam thib ob yog siv ion implantation thev naus laus zis los txhaj cov hydrogen ions rau hauv qhov tob ruaj khov ntawm wafer. Qhov thib peb kauj ruam yog los khi lwm wafer rau oxidized wafer. Cov kauj ruam thib plaub yog siv cov thev naus laus zis thermal annealing los ua npuas nrog hydrogen ions, uas ua rau ib feem ntawm silicon wafer tev tawm. Tom qab ntawd high-temperature thermal annealing tshuab yog siv los ua kom lub zog sib txuas. Qhov thib tsib kauj ruam yog kom flatten lub silicon nto. Cov thev naus laus zis no tau lees paub thoob ntiaj teb raws li kev txhim kho ntawm SOI thev naus laus zis. Lub thickness ntawm faus oxide txheej yog txiav txim siab tag nrho los ntawm qhov tob ntawm hydrogen ion implantation, uas yog qhov tseeb dua. Ntxiv mus, lub peeled wafer tuaj yeem rov qab siv tau, uas txo tus nqi zoo heev.
▲SIM-bond txoj kev los ua silicon-on-insulator
▲ ntse-txiav txoj kev los ua silicon-on-insulator
2. High-barrier manufacturing technology 1. Manufacturing technology
Cov khoom siv raw ntawm silicon wafers yog quartz, uas feem ntau hu ua xuab zeb, uas tuaj yeem raug mined ncaj qha rau hauv qhov xwm txheej. Cov txheej txheem tsim wafer tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv ob peb kauj ruam: feem ntau deoxidation thiab purification, refining polysilicon, ib leeg siv lead ua silicon ingots (silicon rods), dov, wafer txiav, wafer polishing, annealing, kuaj, ntim thiab lwm yam.
▲ CZ (Czochralski) semiconductor wafer raug txheej txheem
▲ CZ Farad ib leeg siv lead ua schematic
Deoxidation thiab purification:Thawj kauj ruam hauv silicon wafer manufacturing yog deoxidize thiab purify quartz ore. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb muaj xws li sorting, sib nqus sib cais, flotation, high-temperature degassing, thiab lwm yam. Lub ntsiab hlau thiab txhuas impurities hauv cov ore raug tshem tawm.
Refining polysilicon:Tom qab tau txais cov ntshiab SiO2, ib leeg siv lead ua silicon yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb yog SiO2+C → Si + CO. Tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tiav lawm, CO evaporates ncaj qha, yog li tsuas yog silicon crystals xwb. Lub sijhawm no, silicon yog polycrystalline silicon, thiab nws yog silicon crude, muaj ntau impurities. Txhawm rau lim tawm cov impurities ntau dhau, cov khoom siv silicon yuav tsum tau khaws cia. Feem ntau siv cov kua qaub yog hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), thiab lwm yam. Cov ntsiab lus silicon tom qab soaking hauv cov kua qaub feem ntau yog siab dua 99.7%. Thaum lub sij hawm pickling txheej txheem, txawm hais tias hlau, txhuas thiab lwm yam khoom tseem yaj nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub thiab lim tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, silicon kuj ua rau cov kua qaub los tsim SiHCl3 (trichlorosilane) lossis SiCl4 (silicon tetrachloride). Txawm li cas los xij, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv lub xeev gaseous, yog li tom qab pickling, thawj impurities xws li hlau thiab txhuas tau yaj nyob rau hauv acid, tab sis silicon tau ua gaseous. Thaum kawg, lub high-purity gaseous SiHCl3 los yog SiCl4 yog txo nrog hydrogen kom tau high-purity polycrystalline silicon.
CZ txoj kev tsim ib leeg siv lead ua silicon:silicon wafers feem ntau yog siv rau hauv logic thiab nco chips, nrog rau kev ua lag luam feem ntau ntawm 95%; CZ txoj kev pib los ntawm Czochralski qhov kev kos duab ntawm nyias filaments los ntawm molten hlau nyob rau hauv 1918, yog li nws kuj hu ua CZ txoj kev. Qhov no yog cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ib leeg siv lead ua silicon niaj hnub no. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb yog muab polycrystalline silicon nyob rau hauv ib lub crucible, tshav kub kom yaj nws, thiab ces clamp ib tug siv lead ua silicon noob siv lead ua thiab ncua nws saum toj no lub crucible. Thaum rub nws vertically, ib kawg yog ntxig rau hauv lub yaj kom txog thaum nws yaj, thiab tom qab ntawd nws maj mam tig thiab rub mus. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, lub interface ntawm cov kua thiab cov khoom yuav maj mam condense los ua ib tug siv lead ua. Txij li tag nrho cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem suav tias yog txheej txheem ntawm kev rov ua cov noob siv lead ua, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim tawm yog ib qho siv lead ua silicon. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub doping ntawm lub wafer kuj tau ua nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm rub lub tib siv lead ua, feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov kua theem doping thiab roj theem doping. Ua kua theem doping yog hais txog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm P-hom lossis N-hom ntsiab rau hauv lub crucible. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem ntawm rub ib leeg muaju, cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem rub ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub pas nrig silicon.
▲ CZ Faraday ib leeg siv lead ua txoj kev
▲ Silicon pas nrig tom qab rub ib qho siv lead ua
Txoj kab uas hla Rolling:Txij li thaum nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tswj txoj kab uas hla ntawm ib leeg siv lead ua silicon pas nrig thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem ntawm rub lub tib siv lead ua, thiaj li yuav tau txais cov silicon pas nrig ntawm tus qauv txoj kab uas hla, xws li 6 nti, 8 nti, 12 nti, thiab lwm yam. Tom qab rub lub ib leeg siv lead ua, txoj kab uas hla ntawm silicon ingot yuav dov. Qhov saum npoo ntawm silicon pas nrig tom qab dov yog du thiab qhov yuam kev loj me me.
Txiav chamfering:Tom qab tau txais cov silicon ingot, lub wafer txiav. Lub silicon ingot tau muab tso rau ntawm lub tshuab txiav ruaj khov thiab txiav raws li cov txheej txheem txiav. Txij li thaum lub thickness ntawm silicon wafer yog me me, ntug ntawm qhov txiav silicon wafer yog ntse heev. Lub hom phiaj ntawm chamfering yog tsim ib tug du ntug. Lub chamfered silicon wafer muaj qhov kev ntxhov siab hauv nruab nrab, uas ua rau nws muaj zog dua thiab tsis yooj yim tawg rau yav tom ntej chip manufacturing.
Polishing:Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm polishing yog ua kom lub ntsej muag ntawm wafer smoother, tiaj tus thiab tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, thiab xyuas kom meej lub thickness sib xws ntawm txhua wafer.
Test ntim:Tom qab tau txais cov polished silicon wafer, cov khoom hluav taws xob ntawm silicon wafer yuav tsum tau sim, xws li kev tiv thaiv thiab lwm yam tsis. Feem ntau silicon wafer factories muaj cov kev pabcuam epitaxial wafer. Yog tias xav tau epitaxial wafers, epitaxial wafer loj hlob yuav ua tiav. Yog tias tsis xav tau epitaxial wafer, nws yuav raug ntim thiab xa mus rau lwm lub chaw tsim khoom epitaxial wafer lossis wafer factories.
Zone melting method (FZ):Silicon wafers ua los ntawm txoj kev no feem ntau yog siv rau hauv qee lub zog chips, nrog rau kev lag luam sib faib txog 4%; silicon wafers ua los ntawm FZ (zone melting method) yog siv los ua cov khoom siv fais fab. Thiab qhov loj ntawm silicon wafers feem ntau yog 8 ntiv tes thiab 6 ntiv tes. Tam sim no, kwv yees li 15% ntawm silicon wafers yog tsim los ntawm txoj kev melting cheeb tsam. Piv nrog rau silicon wafers ua los ntawm CZ txoj kev, qhov loj tshaj feature ntawm FZ txoj kev yog hais tias nws muaj kuj siab resistivity, siab purity, thiab muaj peev xwm tiv taus high voltage, tab sis nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ua loj-loj wafers, thiab cov neeg kho tshuab zog tsis zoo, yog li nws feem ntau siv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob silicon wafers, thiab tsis tshua muaj siv nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke.
Muaj peb kauj ruam hauv kev ua ib qho siv lead ua silicon rods los ntawm cheeb tsam melting txoj kev:
1. Thaum tshav kub kub polycrystalline silicon, tiv tauj nrog cov noob siv lead ua, thiab tig mus rau hauv qab kom rub ib qho siv lead ua. Nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg chamber nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev los yog inert gas ib puag ncig, siv hluav taws xob teb kom sov lub polycrystalline silicon pas nrig kom txog rau thaum lub polycrystalline silicon nyob rau hauv lub rhuab cheeb tsam melts los tsim ib tug molten cheeb tsam.
2. Hu rau thaj chaw molten nrog cov noob siv lead ua thiab yaj nws.
3. Los ntawm kev txav ntawm qhov hluav taws xob cua sov txoj hauj lwm, thaj tsam molten ntawm lub polysilicon txav mus rau sab saud, thaum lub noob siv lead ua maj mam tig thiab ncab mus rau hauv qab, maj mam tsim ib qho siv lead ua silicon pas nrig. Vim hais tias thaj tsam melting txoj kev tsis siv lub crucible, ntau qhov chaw muaj kuab paug raug zam, thiab ib qho siv lead ua rub los ntawm cheeb tsam melting txoj kev muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm siab purity.
▲ FZ Farad ib leeg siv lead ua qhov chaw qauv
▲ Schematic daim duab ntawm FZ ib leeg siv lead ua rub
2. Tus nqi tsim khoom
Semiconductor silicon wafers muaj cov kev xav tau siab dua rau purity thiab hluav taws xob ntau dua li lub zog tshiab silicon wafers, yog li ntau cov kauj ruam purification thiab cov khoom siv raw yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, uas ua rau muaj ntau hom kev tsim khoom raw. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov khoom siv silicon raug txo qis, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom yuav raug nce ntxiv.
Rau semiconductor silicon wafers, raw khoom tus nqi yog tus nqi tseem ceeb, suav txog li 47% ntawm tus nqi lag luam tseem ceeb. Qhov thib ob yog cov nqi tsim khoom, suav txog li 38.6%. Zoo ib yam li kev lag luam semiconductor, kev lag luam silicon wafer yog kev lag luam siv nyiaj ntau nrog kev thov siab rau cov khoom vaj khoom tsev ruaj khov, uas yuav tsim cov nqi tsim khoom siab vim txo qis ntawm cov cuab tam ruaj khov xws li tshuab thiab khoom siv. Thaum kawg, cov nqi ua haujlwm ncaj qha suav txog li 14.4%.
Ntawm cov nqi raw khoom ntawm silicon wafer manufacturing, polysilicon yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, suav txog li 30.7%. Qhov thib ob yog cov khoom ntim khoom, suav txog li 17.0%. Txij li thaum semiconductor silicon wafers muaj cov kev xav tau siab rau kev huv thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov silicon wafers, uas yooj yim oxidized, cov kev xav tau rau ntim yog ntau dua li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab silicon wafers. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus nqi qauv, ntim cov ntaub ntawv account rau ib tug siab feem. Quartz crucibles suav txog li 8.7% ntawm tus nqi raw khoom. Lub quartz crucible siv nyob rau hauv semiconductor silicon wafer manufacturing kuj yog ib tug pov tseg crucible, tab sis lub cev thiab thermal zog ntawm lub crucible yog xav tau ntau dua. Polishing kua, sib tsoo log, thiab polishing ncoo account rau 13.8% nyob rau hauv tag nrho thiab yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub silicon wafer polishing txheej txheem.
▲ Kev khiav hauj lwm tus nqi qauv ntawm silicon kev lag luam hauv xyoo 2018
▲ Raw khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm silicon kev lag luam hauv 2018
Cov nqi dej thiab hluav taws xob suav txog li 15% ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom: Hauv cov nqi tsim khoom, tag nrho cov nqi dej thiab hluav taws xob suav nrog kwv yees li 15% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi tsim khoom, ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob kwv yees li 11.4% thiab cov nqi dej rau cov nqi. txog 3.4%. Hais txog cov nqi sib xws, raws li 2018 cov ntaub ntawv nyiaj txiag ntawm Silicon Industry Group, tag nrho cov nqi hluav taws xob thiab cov nqi dej yog sib npaug rau cov nqi ntawm cov khoom ntim, suav txog li ib nrab ntawm cov khoom siv polysilicon. Tus nqi hluav taws xob yog me ntsis siab dua li ntawm quartz crucibles li ntawm 20%.
▲ Tus nqi ntawm silicon kev lag luam raug nqi hauv xyoo 2018
▲ Ib nrab nqi ntawm Silicon Industry Group hauv 2018 (Unit: 10,{2}} yuan)
3, Plaub qhov teeb meem rau silicon wafer raug
Cov teeb meem rau silicon wafers kuj siab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau semiconductor silicon wafers. Muaj plaub qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb: kev teeb meem kev lag luam, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, cov khoom siv teeb meem, thiab cov peev txheej.
▲ Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb rau kev tsim khoom lag luam silicon wafer
Technical barriers:Cov kev ntsuas ntawm silicon wafers kuj loj. Ntxiv rau qhov loj me, polishing thickness, thiab lwm yam, kuj tseem muaj warpage, resistivity, curvature, thiab lwm yam ntawm silicon wafers. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm mainstream 300mm silicon wafers, vim lub siab uniformity yuav tsum tau advanced cov txheej txheem rau silicon wafers, piv nrog 200mm wafers, tsis xws li flatness, warpage, curvature, thiab nto hlau residue yog ntxiv los saib xyuas qhov zoo ntawm 300mm silicon wafers. . Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm purity, advanced txheej txheem silicon wafers yuav tsum nyob ib ncig ntawm 9N (99.9999999%)-11N (99.999999999%), uas yog lub ntsiab technical barrier rau silicon wafer lwm tus neeg.
Silicon wafers yog cov khoom lag luam customized; purity yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws parameter ntawm silicon wafers thiab tseem yog lub ntsiab technical barrier. Tsis tas li ntawd, silicon wafers tsis yog cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb thiab tsis tuaj yeem luam tawm. Cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov silicon wafers loj nyob rau hauv ntau lub wafer foundries yog txawv kiag li, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv ntau yam khoom siv davhlau ya nyob twg kuj yuav ua rau kom sib txawv kiag li rau silicon wafers. Qhov no yuav tsum tau cov tuam txhab lag luam silicon wafer tsim thiab tsim cov silicon wafers sib txawv raws li cov khoom sib txawv kawg, uas ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab ntxiv ntawm silicon wafer.
▲ Cov nyiaj tau los kwv yees ntawm lub tuam txhab cov lag luam ntu
Certification barriers:Chip tuam ntxhab muaj cov kev cai nruj ntawm qhov zoo ntawm ntau yam khoom siv raw thiab ceev faj heev hauv kev xaiv cov neeg muag khoom. Muaj kev txwv siab rau nkag mus rau cov npe ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov chips. Feem ntau, chip manufacturers yuav xav tau cov khoom siv silicon wafer los muab qee cov silicon wafers rau kev sim ntau lawm, thiab lawv feem ntau yog siv rau kev sim wafers, tsis yog wafer loj ntau lawm wafers. Tom qab dhau qhov kev xeem wafers, cov khoom me me ntawm cov khoom loj wafers yuav raug sim ua. Tom qab dhau daim ntawv pov thawj sab hauv, cov chaw tsim khoom chip yuav xa cov khoom mus rau cov neeg siv khoom qis. Tom qab tau txais lawv daim ntawv pov thawj cov neeg siv khoom, tus neeg muag khoom silicon wafer yuav raug lees paub thaum kawg thiab daim ntawv cog lus yuav yuav raug kos npe. Nws yuav siv sij hawm ntev rau cov khoom ntawm semiconductor silicon wafer tuam txhab uas muag nkag mus rau cov saw hlau ntawm chip manufacturers. Lub voj voog kev lees paub rau cov neeg xa khoom tshiab yuav siv sijhawm tsawg kawg 12-18 hli.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj los ntawm kev sim wafers mus rau cov khoom loj loj wafers: Tam sim no, feem ntau ntawm 12-inch wafers nyob rau hauv Suav teb tseem nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm kev xeem wafers, tab sis cov txheej txheem ntawv pov thawj rau kev xeem wafers txawv kiag li ntawm cov rau loj ntau lawm wafers, thiab cov qauv ntawv pov thawj rau loj ntau lawm silicon wafers yog nruj dua. Txij li kev sim silicon wafers tsis tsim cov chips, lawv tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj los ntawm wafer foundry nws tus kheej, thiab lawv tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom tam sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov khoom tsim tawm silicon wafers, lawv yuav tsum tau ntawv pov thawj los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tsis txaus ntseeg thiab saib xyuas ntawm txhua kauj ruam ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ua ntej lawv tuaj yeem muab rau hauv cov khoom siv. Feem ntau hais lus, txhawm rau tswj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm silicon wafer mov thiab nti tawm. Thaum lub chaw tsim khoom wafer thiab tus neeg muag khoom silicon wafer tsim kev sib raug zoo, lawv yuav tsis yooj yim hloov cov neeg muab khoom, thiab ob tog yuav tsim cov tswv yim tawm tswv yim kom ua tau raws li tus kheej xav tau, thiab qhov nplaum ntawm silicon wafer cov chaw muag khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom yuav nce ntxiv. Yog tias cov chaw tsim khoom tshiab silicon wafer koom nrog cov khoom lag luam, nws yuav tsum muab kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab siab dua silicon wafer zoo dua li tus neeg muag khoom qub. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev lag luam silicon wafer, qhov stickiness ntawm silicon wafer lwm tus neeg thiab wafer manufacturers yog kuj loj, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau cov neeg muab khoom tshiab los rhuav tshem cov nplaum.
Cov khoom siv barriers:Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom siv silicon wafers yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nkaus xwb, uas tuaj yeem piav qhia tias yog "photolithography tshuab" hauv silicon wafers. Cov tib siv lead ua rauv ntawm thoob ntiaj teb mainstream silicon wafer manufacturers yog txhua tus tsim los ntawm lawv tus kheej. Piv txwv li, ib qho hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob ntawm Shin-Etsu thiab SUMCO yog tus kheej tsim thiab tsim los ntawm lub tuam txhab lossis tsim thiab tsim los ntawm kev tuav cov koom haum, thiab lwm cov tuam txhab silicon wafer tsis tuaj yeem yuav lawv. Lwm cov tuam txhab loj silicon wafer muaj lawv tus kheej ywj pheej ib leeg siv lead ua rau cov chaw muag khoom thiab kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus nruj tsis pub lwm tus paub, uas ua rau nws tsis yooj yim sua rau sab nraud silicon wafer manufacturers, lossis lawv tsuas tuaj yeem yuav cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tib yam nkaus xwb, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ib leeg siv lead ua rauv. . Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv teeb meem kuj yog vim li cas cov tuam txhab tsim khoom hauv tsev tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb silicon wafers.
Capital barriers:Kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm semiconductor silicon wafers yog complex, xav tau kev yuav khoom ntawm cov khoom siv siab heev thiab kim heev, thiab tseem yuav tsum tau hloov kho tas mus li thiab debugging raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Vim tias cov nqi ruaj khov siab xws li cov khoom siv poob qis, cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov kev xav tau qis qis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau kev siv lub peev xwm ntawm cov tuam txhab silicon wafer, thiab yog li ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim khoom silicon wafer. Tshwj xeeb, cov tuam txhab uas nyuam qhuav nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam silicon wafer tau yuav luag nyob rau hauv lub xeev poob ua ntej lawv tau mus txog cov khoom xa tuaj, thiab muaj cov kev xav tau siab rau cov peev txheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim lub voj voog ntev ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm wafer fabs rau silicon wafers, silicon wafer manufacturers yuav tsum tau nqis peev ntxiv rau lub sijhawm no, uas tseem yuav tsum tau nyiaj ntau.
3. Tseem yuav yog tus huab tais ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor Tam sim no, lub lag luam semiconductor wafer yog cov khoom siv silicon. Silicon cov ntaub ntawv suav txog li 95% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom lag luam semiconductor. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog cov khoom siv semiconductor, feem ntau yog thib ob-tiam semiconductor khoom GaAs wafers thiab thib peb-tiam semiconductor cov ntaub ntawv SiC thiab GaN wafers. Ntawm lawv, silicon wafers feem ntau yog logic chips, nco chips, thiab lwm yam, thiab yog cov khoom siv semiconductor wafer feem ntau siv. GaAs wafers feem ntau yog RF chips, thiab lub ntsiab daim ntawv thov scenarios yog tsawg voltage thiab high zaus; Thib peb-tiam semiconductor cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau, thiab cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog cov zaus thiab lub zog siab.
▲ Wafer khoom piv
▲ Daim ntawv thov wafers ntawm cov khoom sib txawv
Compound semiconductors thiab silicon cov ntaub ntawv tsis nyob rau hauv kev sib tw kev sib raug zoo, tab sis ib tug complementary kev sib raug zoo; txoj cai loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog wafers, substrates thiab epitaxial wafer cov ntaub ntawv) suav nrog peb txoj kev, uas yog qhov loj, ceev thiab lub zog, thiab peb txoj kev sib raug rau thawj, thib ob thiab thib peb tiam cov khoom siv semiconductor.
▲ Kev sib piv ntawm thawj / thib ob / thib peb cov khoom siv
First-generation semiconductor cov ntaub ntawv:Txoj kev loj-loj: Cov khoom siv semiconductor thawj zaug xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv silicon. Silicon cov ntaub ntawv yog cov khoom siv wafer tsim ntxov tshaj plaws, thiab tseem yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov cuab yeej siv zoo tshaj plaws, tus nqi qis tshaj, thiab cov saw hlau ua tiav tshaj plaws nyob rau theem no. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, raws li qhov loj ntawm silicon wafers nce, tus nqi ntawm ib nti tsawg zuj zus. Cov chaw thov tseem ceeb yog logic chips thiab low-voltage, low-power fields. Qhov loj ntawm silicon wafers yog li ntawm 2 ntiv tes, 4 ntiv tes, 6 ntiv tes, 8 ntiv tes, mus rau niaj hnub no lub ntsiab 12-inch wafer technology. Cov tuam txhab uas muag silicon wafer suav nrog Nyiv Shin-Etsu Chemical, Sumco, thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no, lub ntsiab thoob ntiaj teb wafer fabs siv cov ntaub ntawv silicon ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb.
▲ Sib piv ntawm qhov sib txawv wafer ntau thiab tsawg
Cov khoom siv semiconductor thib ob:txoj kev kub ceev. Txij li cov nti xav tau kom muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov hloov pauv ntau zaus hauv RF Circuit Court, qhov thib ob tiam semiconductor wafer tau tsim. Daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog RF Circuit Court, thiab qhov chaw davhlau ya nyob twg yog RF nti ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes xws li xov tooj ntawm tes. Qhov thib ob tiam semiconductor feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm GaAs (gallium arsenide) thiab InP (indium phosphide), uas GaAs yog cov feem ntau siv mobile davhlau ya nyob twg RF nti khoom hnub no. Cov tuam txhab tsim khoom xws li Taiwan Win Semiconductors, Macronix, Skyworks, Qorvo, thiab lwm yam, uas yog RF nti IDM tuam txhab. Lub ntsiab tam sim no yog 4-inch thiab 6-inch wafers.
Thib peb cov khoom siv semiconductor:high-power txoj kev: yuav luag ntawm tib qhov chaw pib, nrog rau ntau lub sijhawm. Txoj kev thib peb yog txhawm rau ua kom lub zog muaj zog, uas yuav txhawb nqa nws txoj kev siv dav hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob ntau. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog SiC thiab GaN. Lub ntsiab terminals yog industrial, automotive thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Txoj kev siv hluav taws xob tsim IGBT chips ntawm cov ntaub ntawv silicon, thaum SiC (silicon carbide) thiab GaN (gallium nitride) cov ntaub ntawv muaj kev ua tau zoo dua IGBT. Tam sim no, SiC wafers feem ntau yog 4-inch thiab 6-inch, thiab GaN cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau yog 6-inch thiab 8-inch. Lub ntiaj teb cov chaw tsim khoom loj xws li Cree thiab Wolfspeed hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab X-Fab hauv Tebchaws Yelemees. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv daim teb no, kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg loj thoob ntiaj teb kuj tseem qeeb. Cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv tsev xws li Sanan Optoelectronics, txawm hais tias tseem muaj qee qhov sib txawv hauv qib thev naus laus zis, yog nyob rau theem pib ntawm tag nrho cov kev lag luam thiab feem ntau yuav ua txhaum cov kev lag luam txawv teb chaws thiab nyob hauv ib qho chaw hauv daim ntawv qhia lub zog thoob ntiaj teb.
Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw yuav tsum muaj silicon substrates:Txawm hais tias tam sim no muaj ntau tus SiC thiab GaN wafer chips, xws li GaN chargers tso tawm los ntawm Xiaomi, OPPO, thiab Realme, thiab tus qauv 3 tso tawm los ntawm Tesla siv SiC MOSFET es tsis txhob IGBT. Txawm li cas los xij, rau wafers, feem ntau cov neeg siv khoom sib xyaw semiconductor chips tam sim no siv silicon wafers ua substrates, thiab tom qab ntawd ua cov khoom sib xyaw epitaxial wafers, thiab tom qab ntawd ua cov chips ntawm epitaxial wafers.
Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor wafers yog qhov siab:Tam sim no, vim qhov tsis tiav ntawm cov khoom sib txuas semiconductor kev lag luam, cov khoom siv semiconductor muaj peev xwm tsawg thiab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor wafers kuj siab. Qhov no ua rau cov neeg siv tsawg kawg, thiab cov kev daws teeb meem tseem ceeb rau cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob tseem yog "silicon substrate + compound epitaxial wafer". Hauv kev lag luam tsheb, silicon-based IGBT tseem yog cov kev daws teeb meem loj. Silicon-based IGBT chips muaj cov nqi qis thiab ntau qhov kev xaiv qhov hluav taws xob. Tus nqi ntawm SiC MOSFET li 6 mus rau 10 npaug ntawm silicon-based IGBTs. Sib piv cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm SiC-MOSFET thiab Si-IGBT raws li Infineon's 650V / 20A technical parameters, SiC-MOSFET tseem zoo dua rau Si-IGBT nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ua tau zoo, tab sis hais txog tus nqi, SiC-MOSFET yog 7 npaug ntawm Si-IGBT. Ntxiv mus, raws li kev tiv thaiv ntawm SiC cov cuab yeej txo qis, tus nqi ntawm SiC-MOSFET nce exponentially. Piv txwv li, thaum qhov kev tawm tsam yog 45 milliohms, SiC-MOSFET tsuas yog $ 57.6, thaum qhov kev tawm tsam yog 11 milliohms, tus nqi yog $ 159.11, thiab thaum qhov kev tawm tsam yog sib npaug rau 6 milliohms, tus nqi tau mus txog. $310.98.
▲ Infineon SiC-MOSFET vs Si-IGBT Kev Sib Piv
▲Infineon SiC-MOSFET tus nqi thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tawm tsam
4, Kev siv zog hauv tsev tau tsim muaj peev xwm ua lag luam loj.
1. Kev ua lag luam silicon wafer tab tom nkag mus rau kev loj hlob.
Kev faib ua feem ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor tau nce xyoo los ntawm xyoo. Cov ntaub ntawv semiconductor tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov khoom ntim thiab cov khoom tsim khoom (xws li silicon wafers thiab ntau yam tshuaj, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev, semiconductor manufacturing cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntim yog nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo 2011, nrog kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem siab heev, kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor tau maj mam nce, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom tsim thiab cov khoom ntim tau maj mam nce. Hauv xyoo 2018, kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom tsim khoom yog US $ 32.2 billion, thiab kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom ntim yog US $ 19.7 billion, thiab cov khoom tsim khoom yog kwv yees li 1.6 npaug ntawm cov khoom ntim. Ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor, cov ntaub ntawv tsim khoom suav txog li 62% thiab cov khoom ntim rau 38%.
▲ Kev siv cov khoom siv semiconductor hauv xyoo 2018
▲ Semiconductor manufacturing khoom tus nqi piv
Silicon wafers yog cov khoom siv loj tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim khoom semiconductor; ntawm cov khoom tsim, silicon wafers, raws li cov ntaub ntawv raw ntawm semiconductors, tus account rau qhov loj tshaj plaws, ncav cuag 37%. Txij li thaum xyoo 2017, nrog kev swb ntawm Lee Sedol los ntawm "AlphaGo", lub hnub qub thev naus laus zis tshiab coj los ntawm kev txawj ntse txawj ntse yog cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb uas tsav kev txhim kho thoob ntiaj teb semiconductors. Tshwj xeeb, hauv 2018, kev thov thoob ntiaj teb rau kev nco tau nce ntxiv, ua ke nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm blockchain thev naus laus zis, thiab qhov kev thov rau silicon wafers ntaus cov ntaub ntawv siab. Kev nce hauv kev xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb semiconductor kuj tau tsav qhov kev xa khoom sai ntawm silicon wafer. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev xa khoom, xyoo 2018, lub ntiaj teb silicon wafer xa khoom cheeb tsam tshaj 10 billion square inches thawj zaug, ncav cuag 12.7 billion square inches. Hauv 2019, vim muaj kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev lag luam hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo, thaj chaw xa khoom tau poob mus rau 11.8 billion square inches. Hais txog kev lag luam kev lag luam, kev muag khoom thoob ntiaj teb hauv 2018 yog US $ 11.4 billion, thiab hauv 2019 nws mus txog US $ 11.2 billion.
▲2009-2019 Ntiaj teb no Silicon Wafer Shipment Area
▲2009-2019 Ntiaj teb no Silicon Wafer Muag
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm wafer segmentation, vim yog tus nqi siab ntawm cov khoom siv thib ob thiab tiam thib peb, thiab qhov tseeb tias feem ntau cov khoom siv semiconductors yog raws li silicon wafers, silicon wafers suav txog 95% ntawm lub ntiaj teb wafer substrates. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm qhov ntau thiab tsawg wafer, 12-inch wafers yog hom tseem ceeb ntawm ntiaj teb silicon wafers. Hauv xyoo 2018, 12-inch wafers suav txog 64% ntawm kev xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb silicon wafer, thiab 8-inch wafers suav txog 26%.
▲ Silicon wafer xa khoom sib piv los ntawm qhov loj me
Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm cov ntawv thov davhlau ya nyob twg, kev noj thoob ntiaj teb ntawm 12-inch wafers feem ntau yog cov cim xeeb chips, nrog Nand Flash thiab DRAM nco suav txog li 75% ntawm tag nrho, ntawm uas Nand Flash siv li 33% ntawm wafers, thiab Nand flash muaj 35% ntawm downstream lag luam nyob rau hauv lub lag luam smartphone. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias qhov nce hauv kev xa khoom ntawm lub xov tooj smartphone thiab lub peev xwm yog qhov tseem ceeb ua rau kev xa khoom ntawm 12-inch wafers. Ntawm 12-inch wafers, logic chips account rau kwv yees li 25%, DRAM nyiaj txog li 22.2%, thiab lwm yam chips xws li CIS account txog li 20%.
2. Tuam Tshoj lub semiconductor silicon wafer lag luam muaj qhov chaw loj
Tuam Tshoj cov khoom lag luam semiconductor tau loj hlob tsis tu ncua. Nyob rau hauv 2018, lub ntiaj teb no semiconductor khoom muag tau mus txog US $ 51.94 billion, ib xyoo-rau-xyoo nce ntawm 10.7%. Ntawm lawv, Tuam Tshoj kev muag khoom yog US $ 8.44 billion. Tsis zoo li lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam, Tuam Tshoj cov khoom siv semiconductor muag tau loj hlob txij li xyoo 2010, thiab tau loj hlob ntawm ntau tshaj 10% rau peb xyoos sib law liag los ntawm 2016 txog 2018. Lub ntiaj teb semiconductor khoom lag luam muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm cov xwm txheej, tshwj xeeb hauv Taiwan. , Tuam Tshoj thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb, qhov twg qhov kev hloov pauv loj. North American thiab European kev lag luam yuav luag nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm xoom kev loj hlob. Nyiv cov khoom siv semiconductor tau nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev loj hlob tsis zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev. Thoob plaws ntiaj teb, tsuas yog cov khoom lag luam semiconductor hauv Suav teb loj yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais loj hlob mus ntev. Tuam Tshoj cov khoom siv semiconductor kev lag luam yog qhov sib piv nrog lub ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam.
▲ Ntiaj teb no semiconductor khoom muag thiab kev loj hlob tus nqi (hauv billion US dollars)
▲ Kev muag khoom txhua xyoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm lub teb chaws thiab cheeb tsam (Unit: billion US dollars)
Cov khoom siv semiconductor thoob ntiaj teb tau maj mam hloov mus rau hauv Suav teb loj ua lag luam. Los ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm ntau lub teb chaws thiab cheeb tsam, peb lub teb chaws lossis cheeb tsam suav nrog 55% hauv 2018, thiab cov txiaj ntsig hauv cheeb tsam tau pom tseeb. Ntawm lawv, Taiwan, Tuam Tshoj suav txog li 23% ntawm lub ntiaj teb wafer tsim muaj peev xwm, ua rau nws thaj av uas muaj peev xwm ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws cov khoom siv semiconductor muag yog US $ 11.4 billion, suav txog 22% ntawm lub ntiaj teb, qeb duas, thiab nws tau ua lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor rau cuaj xyoo sib law liag. Kaus lim qab teb suav txog li 20% ntawm lub ntiaj teb wafer tsim muaj peev xwm, nrog semiconductor khoom muag ntawm US $ 8.72 billion, accounting rau 17%, qeb thib ob. Tuam Tshoj Mainland suav txog li 13% ntawm lub ntiaj teb no muaj peev xwm tsim, nrog semiconductor khoom muag ntawm US $ 8.44 billion, accounting rau txog 16% ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, qeb thib peb. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, kev lag luam sib koom ntawm cov khoom siv semiconductor hauv Suav teb av loj tau nce xyoo los ntawm xyoo, los ntawm 7.5% hauv 2007 mus rau 16.2% hauv 2018. Cov khoom siv semiconductor thoob ntiaj teb tau maj mam hloov mus rau Suav teb av loj.
▲ Kev muag khoom sib faib los ntawm lub teb chaws thiab cheeb tsam hauv xyoo 2018
▲ Semiconductor khoom muag thiab sib koom hauv Suav teb av loj (hauv billion US dollars)
Ntiaj teb no wafer muaj peev xwm yuav usher nyob rau hauv tawg loj hlob. Lub 12-inch wafer fab, uas sawv cev rau cov thev naus laus zis tshaj plaws nyob rau niaj hnub no wafer fabs, yog nyob rau ntawm nws qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim kho los ntawm 2017 txog 2019, nrog qhov nruab nrab ntawm 8 12-inch wafer fabs ntxiv txhua xyoo thoob ntiaj teb. Nws kwv yees tias los ntawm 2023, yuav muaj 138 12-inch wafer fabs hauv ntiaj teb. Raws li IC Insight txheeb cais, vim qhov tsis paub tseeb ntawm Sino-US kev lag luam ua tsov rog nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm 2019, wafer fabs loj thoob ntiaj teb tau ncua lawv lub peev xwm nce cov phiaj xwm, tab sis tsis tau tso tseg. Nrog rau kev rov qab los ntawm Sino-Asmeskas kev lag luam nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm 2019 thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm 5G kev ua lag luam, lub ntiaj teb no wafer tsim muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv 2019 tseem khaws cia nce ntawm 7.2 lab daim. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev tuaj txog ntawm 5G kev ua lag luam hloov nthwv dej, lub ntiaj teb wafer muaj peev xwm yuav ua rau lub sijhawm nce siab ntawm 2020 txog 2022, nrog rau peb lub xyoos nce ntawm 17.9 lab daim, 20.8 lab daim thiab 14.4 lab daim, thiab. yuav teeb tsa cov ntaub ntawv siab hauv 2021. Cov peev txheej wafer no yuav nyob rau hauv Kaus Lim Qab Teb (Samsung, Hynix), Taiwan (TSMC) thiab Tuam Tshoj av loj (Yangtze River Storage, Changxin Storage, SMIC, Huahong Semiconductor, thiab lwm yam). Tuam Tshoj Mainland yuav suav txog 50% ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm nce.
▲ Tus naj npawb ntawm 12-inch wafer fabs thoob ntiaj teb, 2002-2023
▲ Kev tsim muaj peev xwm thoob ntiaj teb nce (unit: lab daim / xyoo, 8-inch sib npaug wafer)
Kev tsim kho ntawm wafer fabs hauv Suav teb av loj yuav ua rau lub sijhawm loj hlob sai. Txij li thaum xyoo 2016, Tuam Tshoj mainland tau pib nquag nqis peev hauv kev tsim kho ntawm wafer fabs, thiab nthwv dej ntawm lub Hoobkas kev tsim kho tau teeb tsa. Raws li SEMI qhov kev kwv yees, 62 wafer fabs yuav tsim thiab muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm 2017 txog 2020, ntawm 26 yuav nyob hauv Suav teb, suav txog 42% ntawm tag nrho. Tus naj npawb ntawm kev tsim kho hauv 2018 yog 13, suav txog 50% ntawm kev nthuav dav. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nthuav dav yog khi ua rau muaj kev nce hauv peev kev siv nyiaj thiab cov khoom siv siv rau wafer fabs. Raws li SEMI, los ntawm 2020, lub peev xwm nruab ntawm wafer fabs hauv Suav teb av loj yuav ncav cuag 4 lab 8-inch sib npaug wafers ib hlis, piv nrog 2.3 lab hauv 2015, nrog rau kev loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm 12%, uas yog siab dua lwm thaj chaw. Tib lub sijhawm, National Big Fund kuj tau nqis peev ntau hauv kev lag luam semiconductor. Hauv thawj theem ntawm Cov Nyiaj Txiag Loj Loj, kev tsim khoom lag luam suav txog ntau npaum li 67%, siab tshaj qhov kev lag luam tsim thiab kev lag luam ntim thiab kev sim.
▲2010-2020 Tuam Tshoj tus semiconductor wafer fab peev (Unit: US$ 100 lab)
▲ Kev nqis peev piv rau thawj theem ntawm National Big Fund
Raws li qhov kawg ntawm 2019, tseem muaj 9 8-inch wafer fabs thiab 10 12-inch wafer fabs tab tom tsim lossis npaj hauv Suav teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, txij li feem ntau ntawm Tuam Tshoj tus 12-inch wafer fabs yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev sim ntau lawm los yog me me-batch ntau lawm, lawv yog nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub peev xwm ntau lawm. Tom qab tau txais cov khoom pov thawj los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab kev txheeb xyuas kev lag luam, lub peev xwm ntau lawm yuav nkag mus rau theem kev nce qib, thiab yuav muaj kev thov loj heev rau cov khoom siv raw khoom.
▲ Tshiab wafer fabs hauv Suav teb
Qhov nrov ntawm 5G tau ua rau muaj kev nce hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm silicon ntawm cov khoom siv: los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm cov xov tooj smartphones pib nrog iPhone 3, mus rau 4G xov tooj ntawm tes sawv cev los ntawm iPhone 5, thiab thaum kawg mus rau lub sijhawm tam sim no ntawm 5G xov tooj ntawm tes. Cov ntsiab lus silicon ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes tseem nce ntxiv. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas cov nqi ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes los ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov koom haum xws li tech insights thiab iFixit, chav tsev nqi ntawm cov chips tseem ceeb ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes, xws li xov tooj ntawm tes processors (AP), baseband processing chips (BP), nco (Nand flash. , DRAM), lub koob yees duab modules (CIS), xov tooj cua zaus chips (RF), hwj chim tswj chips (PMIC), Bluetooth / wifi chips, thiab lwm yam., tau qhia ib tug maj mam nce, thiab qhov feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm chav tsev tau nce. xyoo dhau xyoo. Txawm hais tias nyob rau theem iPhone X, qhov feem pua ntawm cov chips poob qis vim qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub vijtsam, nrog rau kev ua kom zoo dua ntxiv, qhov feem pua ntawm cov nqi chips kuj tau nce xyoo los ntawm xyoo. Los ntawm iPhone 11 pro max era, lub ncov ntawm 4G xov tooj ntawm tes, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm lub ntsiab chips tau mus txog 55%, thiab tus nqi ntawm ib chav tsev yog kwv yees li US $ 272. Hauv kev hloov pauv los ntawm iPhone 3 mus rau iPhone 11 Pro Max, lub koob yees duab ntawm lub xov tooj tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ib zaug mus rau 3 txhaj tshuaj, lub cev nco tau nce los ntawm 8GB txog 512GB, qhov feem pua ntawm silicon cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib chav tsev tau nce los ntawm 37% mus rau 55%. , thiab tus nqi ntawm ib chav tsev tau nce los ntawm US $ 68 rau US $ 272.
2020 yog thawj xyoo ntawm kev tsim khoom loj ntawm 5G xov tooj ntawm tes. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas kev sib cais ntawm Samsung S20 thiab Xiaomi 10 lub xov tooj ntawm tes uas tau tso tawm, tus nqi thiab feem ntau ntawm cov chips tseem ceeb hauv ib chav tau nce ntxiv piv nrog 4G xov tooj ntawm tes. Rau Samsung, lub ntsiab chips account rau 63.4% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv, thiab tus nqi ntawm ib chav tsev tau mus txog US $ 335, uas yog 23% siab dua iPhone 11 Pro Max. Rau Xiaomi, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov chips tseem ceeb yog ntau dua, mus txog 68.3%, thiab tus nqi ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm cov chips tseem ceeb kuj tau mus txog US $ 300. Raws li kev tshem tawm ntawm Samsung S20 thiab Xiaomi 10, nws tau kwv yees tias cov chips tseem ceeb hauv thawj 5G xov tooj ntawm tes yuav suav txog li 65% ~ 70%, thiab tus nqi ntawm ib lub tshuab yuav nyob ib puag ncig US $ {{18} }.
▲ BOM tus nqi tawg ntawm cov xov tooj tseem ceeb ntawm lub xov tooj smartphones
▲ Tus nqi piv ntawm cov chips tseem ceeb hauv cov xov tooj sib txawv
Kev tsim kho ntawm wafer fabs nce qhov kev thov rau silicon wafers: kev nthuav dav ntawm wafer fab muaj peev xwm yuav ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev thov rau silicon wafers. Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj tau nqis peev ntau rau hauv wafer fabs, tsim kev lag luam nco tau tswj hwm los ntawm Yangtze Memory Technologies thiab Hefei Changxin, lub logic nti kev lag luam tswj hwm los ntawm SMIC, cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb tsim los ntawm Huahong Semiconductor thiab Jetta Semiconductor, thiab cov khoom siv fais fab. dominated los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Resources Microelectronics thiab Silan Microelectronics. Tam sim no, kev loj hlob ntawm silicon wafer muag hauv Suav teb av loj hauv 2017/2018 yog siab dua 40%. Thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov peev nyiaj loj thiab kev hloov pauv hauv tsev, downstream wafer fabs tau nthuav dav lawv cov peev txheej ntau lawm, ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom siv silicon wafers. Raws li SUMCO qhov kev kwv yees, xyoo 2020, qhov kev thov rau 8-inch silicon wafers hauv Suav teb loj yuav yog li 970,000 daim, thiab 12-inch wafers yuav ncav cuag 1.05 lab daim.
▲ Tuam Tshoj mainland silicon wafer muag thiab kev loj hlob tus nqi (Unit: US$ billion)
▲ Kev hloov pauv ntawm silicon wafer xav tau hauv Suav teb av loj (unit: 10,{1}} daim / hli)
Nqe nce lub voj voog + cov txheej txheem qib siab txhawb nqa "nqi" nce: Raws li keeb kwm silicon wafer tus nqi suav, nws yog tam sim no nyob rau ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub voj voog tshiab ntawm tus nqi nce. Los ntawm 2009 txog 2011, cov xov tooj smartphones tau nrov heev, cov ntsiab lus silicon ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes tau nce, thiab tus nqi ntawm silicon ib chav tsev txuas ntxiv mus, nce mus txog $ 1.09 / square inch hauv 2011. Tom qab ntawd , nrog kev nce hauv silicon wafer cov khoom muag thiab kev poob qis hauv kev muag khoom smartphone, tus nqi ntawm silicon wafers ib cheeb tsam txuas ntxiv poob, thiab mus txog nws qhov qis tshaj plaws hauv 2016, ntawm $ 0.67 / square inch. Hauv 2016, Google's "AlphaGo" yeej Lee Sedol, tso cai rau kev txawj ntse nkag mus rau theem ntawm keeb kwm. Kev thov thoob ntiaj teb rau silicon wafers tau nce, nkag mus rau lub voj voog tshiab ntawm tus nqi nce. Nrog kev tso tawm ntawm 5G xov tooj ntawm tes hauv 2019, tus nqi ntawm silicon wafers ib cheeb tsam mus txog $ 0.94. Nrog rau kev tso tawm loj ntawm 5G xov tooj ntawm tes hauv 2020, tsav tsheb thoob ntiaj teb kev thov rau silicon wafers, nws xav tias yuav muaj 2-3 xyoo ntawm tus nqi nce qhov chaw nyob rau yav tom ntej.
Cov txheej txheem Advanced tsav nce nqi; semiconductor silicon wafers yog cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov chips, thiab txhua qhov kev hloov pauv hauv qhov zoo yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov chips. Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem siab dhau los, qhov kev xav tsis thoob rau cov khoom siv semiconductor silicon wafers tau nce siab dua. Cov kev xav tau siab dua ua rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm silicon wafers nyuaj dua, yog li tus nqi tau nce siab dua. Piv txwv li, rau tib yam 12-inch silicon wafer, tus nqi ntawm 7nm txheej txheem silicon wafers yog 4.5 npaug ntawm tus nqi ntawm 90nm silicon wafers. Tam sim no, wafer fabs hauv Suav teb loj yog tsim los nrog 12-inch wafers, thiab tus nqi ntawm silicon wafers ntau dua li ntawm 8-inch wafers. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, logic chip foundries sawv cev los ntawm SMIC thiab Huahong Semiconductor tau maj mam hloov cov txheej txheem los ntawm 28nm mus rau 16/14nm txheej txheem, uas tau nce tag nrho cov nqi ntawm silicon wafers.
Txij li thaum 12-inch manufacturing kab yog thawj zaug qhib nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv 2000, lub lag luam xav tau nce ntau. Xyoo 2008, cov khoom xa tuaj ntim tau tshaj 8-inch silicon wafers thawj zaug, thiab nyob rau hauv 2009 nws tau tshaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj ntawm lwm qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm silicon wafers. Los ntawm 2016 txog 2018, vim muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam tawm tshiab xws li AI, huab xam, thiab blockchain, qhov sib xyaw txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm 12-inch silicon wafers yog 8%. Yav tom ntej, kev lag luam sib faib ntawm 12-inch silicon wafers yuav nce ntxiv. Raws li SUMCO cov ntaub ntawv, tseem yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev thov ntawm 12-inch silicon wafers nyob rau tom ntej 3-5 xyoo, thiab qhov sib txawv yuav loj dua thiab loj dua li kev vam meej ntawm semiconductor. lub voj voog nce. Los ntawm 2022, yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm 1000K / hli. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim semiconductor manufacturing puag nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, Tuam Tshoj tus loj silicon wafer sib txawv yuav txhawb kev ceev ntawm silicon wafer localization.
Raws li SUMCO cov txheeb cais, kev muag khoom ntawm silicon wafers hauv Suav teb av loj hauv xyoo 2018 yog kwv yees li US $ 930 lab, ib xyoos ib zaug nce ntawm 45%, ua rau nws yog lub lag luam loj tshaj plaws silicon wafer hauv ntiaj teb. Tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov phiaj xwm nthuav dav ntawm cov wafer loj loj xws li Yangtze Memory, SMIC, thiab Changxin Cia hauv 2020-2022. Nws tau kwv yees tias thaum kawg ntawm 2022, qhov kev thov rau qhov sib npaug 12-inch silicon wafers hauv Suav teb loj yuav ncav cuag 2.01 lab ib hlis, nrog rau qhov chaw lag luam ntawm 20 billion yuan.
Sibranch ntseeg hais tias raws li tus neeg tau txais kev hloov pauv thib peb ntawm kev lag luam semiconductor, kuv lub teb chaws cov khoom lag luam semiconductor muag hauv ntiaj teb kev lag luam tseem nce ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, kuv lub teb chaws yog lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws tsim, exporter thiab cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab muaj kev thov loj rau cov khoom siv semiconductor. Yog li ntawd, theem ntawm localization yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev lag luam. Raws li qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab ntau yam yooj yim hauv kev lag luam wafer tsim khoom, kuv lub teb chaws muaj qhov tsis zoo nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm silicon wafers, thiab qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv silicon loj. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub teb chaws cov cai thiab cov nyiaj txiag, ntau lub tuam txhab hauv Suav teb tau npaj cov kab ntau lawm thiab tso tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj silicon wafers.
